Today, Copper Age, Eneolithic, and Chalcolithic are used synonymously Around 1900, many writers began to substitute Chalcolithic for Eneolithic, to avoid the false segmentation.īut "chalcolithic" could also mislead: For readers unfamiliar with the Italian language, chalcolithic seemed to suggest another -lithic age, paradoxically part of the Stone Age despite the use of copper. After several years, a number of complaints appeared in the literature that "Eneolithic" seemed to the untrained eye to be produced from e-neolithic, "outside the Neolithic", clearly not a definitive characterization of the Copper Age. Subsequently, British scholars used either Evans's "Copper Age" or the term "Eneolithic" (or Æneolithic), a translation of Chierici's eneo-litica. The part -litica simply names the Stone Age as the point from which the transition began and is not another -lithic age. The Copper Age features the use of copper, excluding bronze moreover, stone continued to be used throughout both the Bronze Age and the Iron Age. The phrase was never intended to mean that the period was the only one in which both bronze and stone were used. In 1884, Gaetano Chierici, perhaps following the lead of Evans, renamed it in Italian as the eneo-litica, or "bronze–stone" transition. He did not, however, present it as a fourth age but chose to retain the tripartite system. He did not include the transitional period in the Bronze Age, but described it separately from the customary stone / bronze / iron system, at the Bronze Age's beginning. In 1881, John Evans recognized that use of copper often preceded the use of bronze, and distinguished between a transitional Copper Age and the Bronze Age proper. Ancient writers, who provided the essential cultural references for educated people during the 19th century, used the same name for both copper- and bronze-using ages. Originally, the term Bronze Age meant that either copper or bronze was being used as the chief hard substance for the manufacture of tools and weapons. The multiple names result from multiple definitions of the period. See also: List of archaeological periods (Levant) In the Ancient Near East the Copper Age covered about the same period, beginning in the late 5th millennium BC and lasting for about a millennium before it gave rise to the Early Bronze Age. The transition from Copper Age to Bronze Age in Europe occurred between the late 5th and the late 3rd millennia BC. The archaeological site of Belovode, on Rudnik mountain in Serbia, has the world's oldest securely dated evidence of copper smelting at high temperature, from c. Modern researchers consider the period as a subset of the broader Neolithic, but earlier scholars defined it as a transitional period between the Neolithic and the Bronze Age. The Copper Age, also called the Chalcolithic ( English: / ˌ k æ l k ə ˈ l ɪ θ ɪ k/ from Greek: χαλκός khalkós, " copper" and λίθος líthos, " stone") or (A)eneolithic (from Latin aeneus "of copper"), is an archaeological period characterized by regular human manipulation of copper, but prior to the discovery of bronze alloys.
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